7 Beauty Tips For Women

Every woman dreams of having supple, baby-soft skin, and is ready to go to any extent to achieve the desired results. Expensive treatments at beauty salons, high-end cosmetics and so much more goes into it!

But you will be amazed to know that the easiest trick to get baby-soft skin is using baby products! Surprised? Well, don’t be! Baby products are hypo-allergic and free of harsh chemicals, and therefore are the best for any skin type. Take a look at seven easily-available baby products that can work wonders for your skin.

1. Baby Oil: Eye makeup remover

If you wear makeup regularly, you might be aware of how difficult it is to get rid of it from delicate areas like the eyes. You will be surprised to know that baby oil can gently help you remove eye makeup, without causing any irritation. What’s more? Since it is rich in mineral oils, and does not clog pores, you can safely use it as your post-bath moisturiser, for guaranteed baby-soft skin.

Recommended Read: Best Ways to Remove Eye Makeup

2. Baby Lotion: Protector against skin irritation

Tired of using body lotions that are either too greasy or don’t hydrate enough? Then the sweet smelling lotions in the baby-section come to your rescue. Baby lotions are one of the best options you can have for soft and smooth skin that is not sticky or greasy. Moreover, they form a protective layer on the skin guarding it against irritation and dryness.

3. Baby Powder: Easiest dry shampoo

Did you know that you can use baby powder to fix your makeup? To have a grease-free look, simply dab a tiny amount on your face and neck after wearing foundation. You can pat a little amount before applying your eyeshadow for a smoother and longer-lasting effect. Here's another one that will surprise you- you can sprinkle some baby powder on your greasy hair, when you don't have time to shampoo, to have a smooth, freshly-shampooed, oil-free look!

4. Baby Wipes: Quickest makeup remover

The best use for baby wipes is that they can be used as an express makeup remover! That apart, they are also great to wipe your face and neck on a hot summer day to feel fresh instantly.

5. Diaper Rash Cream: Intensive lip balm

Apart from keeping your skin supple, it is a great remedy for extra-sensitive and rash-prone skin. You can even use it in the winters for those soft and smooth lips.

6. Baby Wash or Baby Soap: Cleansing foot soak

If you have failed to discover the perfect face wash for your dry or sensitive skin, then you must try baby washes or baby soaps. Very mild in composition and gentle on skin, it is a perfect solution for the sensitive skin problems. You can also use it as hand wash, or mix it with warm water to soak your tired feet.

7. Baby Shampoo: Safest daily hair cleanser

During the summer months, greasy and limp hair is a common complaint. Frequent shampooing can strip away the hair from natural oils, leaving it dull and brittle. Switch your regular shampoo with a baby shampoo, and you would complain no more. Being much milder than other shampoos, baby shampoos do not wash away the natural oils from hair while cleaning it. Since they are free of harsh chemicals, you can use them more frequently than your regular ones.

Source by:-https://in.lifestyle.yahoo.com/7-baby-products-amazing-beauty-benefits-114006030.html

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10 Things Every Woman Should Have in Her Purse

If being prepared for anything is your mantra, then you know that your purse is the vehicle by which you live your life – far more than just a place to stash your cash and keys. Whether you believe in toting half the house, or you like to keep it light and simple, there are ten essentials that all ladies must have in their purses at all times. Let’s take a look at those must-haves so that you will be ready for anything that life throws your way.

1. Lipstick

As any woman knows, a dash of lipstick can perk up even the worst case of the blues, and having your favorite shade within reach is imperative to keeping you looking your best. Lipstick works to create a beautiful focal point on the face – so even if you don’t have time to put on a complete face of makeup each morning, lipstick will still make you look glamorous and put-together.

2. Mad money

The emphasis here is on money, not plastic. Mothers used to give their daughters “mad money”when they went out on a date, just in case the guy ended up to be Mr. Totally Wrong. Mother was wise to do so; there are many instances that may arise when you will need cash in hand, not a debit or credit card, so keep at least twenty bucks in cash safely stored away in your purse.

3. Tampons or pads

Let’s face it ladies; we never know when Mother Nature will come calling. Be discreetly prepared to face her head on with a small supply of feminine protection.

4. Baby wipes

Whether or not you have little ones, baby wipes come in handy in so many situations – none of which you will be able to think about until the time arises that you need one or two.

5. Aspirin or Tylenol

How many times have you been out of the house and taken a headache? If you are human, chances are you have often wished for a bit of pain relief on the road. Stay prepared by always keeping a few aspirin, Tylenol, or other pain remedy at hand.

6. A pen

While it may seem like commonsense, when faced with the prospect of needing a pen or pencil, many women dig and dig through their massive purses only to come up with a fairly good substitute: an eyeliner. Keep a few pens in your purse and you won’t end up giving someone your number with a Cover Girl Slick Stick.

7. Emergency contact info

Again, a commonsense thing to carry with you (right alongside your identification) is emergency contact information; this will come in handy if you are mistaken as a terrorist, locked in solitary confinement, and someone has to come in to vouch for your identity. In all seriousness, emergency contact info is crucial if you are (heaven forbid) involved in an accident and unable to speak for yourself.

8. Mace or pepper spray

The day and age in which we live dictates that all women must carry some form of protection, and Mace or pepper spray fit the bill. This modern “weapon” is non-lethal but very effective in stopping bad guys in their tracks.

9. Hand sanitizer

Every time when you are at the grocery store you grab a cart that has been used many times and never wiped down. You count out money or meet someone new and shake their hand. For these and many other reasons, you should always have hand sanitizer in your purse. It will help protect you as well as anybody you come into contact with from spreading those terrible germs.

10. Lighter or matches

Okay, you don’t smoke and you don’t carry a lighter because you think that you’ll never need it. Trust me, I don’t smoke but I always carry a lighter or matches for emergency purposes, such as burning off stray threads on clothes, and lighting candles on cake. Moreover, if you’re ever stranded in the wilderness and need to light a fire, you will be well prepared! So make sure you always have a lighter or matches in your purse!

So remember, an ounce of prevention truly is worth a pound of cure. Pack your purse with these ten essentials and you can feel a bit safer and more secure when you are out and about.

All content from:- http://en.amerikanki.com/things-every-woman-should-have-in-her-purse

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Important Medical Test For Women

Image courtesy: © Thinkstock photos/ Getty Images

Your mom always ran to the doctor when you had that terrible bout of flu or frantically rang him up when you got those chills. Maybe it's time to reciprocate that love and care. Take care of something she would never thought of doing herself or has not been paying attention. Plan some health check- ups for her. And while you do that, here’s what you’ll need to keep in mind.

In her 40’s
A woman in her 40’s might be on the brink of an early menopause. This is also an age when early osteoporosis can strike. So, it is a good idea to get a test done for vitamin D and B12. “A woman in her forties should also start having calcium supplements,” says Dr Vimal Pahuja, a Mumbai-based general physician. Additional tests he recommends are testing their blood sugar levels and a lipid profile test (test for cholesterol and triglyceride levels).

In her 50’s
Apart from keeping a check on their lipid profile and blood sugar levels, it is important to get a bone density test done. Dr Gaurav Gupta, a Mumbai-based general physician recommends the dexa scan (to measure bone density). He also recommends a sonography to check the uterus. “It is important to keep a tab of the blood pressure too,” he says.

In her 60’s
“Get checked for early osteoporosis and early arthritis,” says Dr Pahuja. It is not necessary to follow up on mammograms or pap smear tests, he says. Apart from that ensure a healthy diet that includes lots of fruits and vegetables. Include exercises like walking in your routine. “Swim only if you have been doing it regularly once you have ruled out any risks like heart disease,” says Dr Gupta.

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In her 70’s
This is an age where women could face problems like constipation or be depressed. “Sub-clinical hypo-thyrodism could be the cause,” says Dr Pahuja. So, it is a good idea to get a thyroid test done. He also recommends to get a stress test done and go for a echo-cardiogram.

Book an appointment with the doctor right away and treat your Mom to a lifetime of good health.

All Content with images from:-https://in.lifestyle.yahoo.com/must-medical-tests-moms-033000344.html 

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Yami Gautam's guide to gorgeous hair

Yami Gupta - Beyond just hair care products, the actor recommends home-made hair packs and a balanced diet. Vo …

"While I was in Chandigarh my hair quality was much better," rues actor Yami Gautam, "But when I shifted base to Mumbai, I saw a drastic change in the quality of my hair. I noticed that it started to fall."

Turned out, the city's water was to blame. Now, the actor swears by Pantene's 14-day challenge -- "I could notice a difference on my pillow, in my towel and on my hair brush almost immediately" -- but that's not all she relies on to keep her tresses in shape.  

Basic hair care

"I like to keep it simple and not apply a whole lot of products," says Gautam. "I feel, even if someone is blessed with good hair, one needs to follow the basic hair care regime and that means investing in the correct shampoo, conditioner and mask."

Eggs whites, olive oil

Her weekly kitchen indulgence to maintain her glossy hair texture: "I use egg whites and an olive oil-based hair mask that deep-conditions the hair, and adds incredible shine."

"I've also started using yoghurt in my hair," she adds. "It's something I've picked up from my mother who has beautiful hair."

No bingeing

"I believe in nourishment and having a balanced diet," she says. "I avoid bingeing and try and eat healthy, especially lots of amla, and drink lots and lots of water."

Fishtail fixes

"I generally like to wear my hair down, preferably with soft curls. But when I'm having a bad hair day, I like to wear my hair in French brands or fishtail braids," she says.

And if it still doesn't behave?

"I swear by my System Professional Perfect Hold Finishing Spray, which not only revitalizes my hair, but also gives me the assurance to step out with confidence," says the actor.

- Jerusha Ratnam Chande

Source:- https://in.lifestyle.yahoo.com/yami-gautams-guide-gorgeous-hair-100156496.html 

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5 worst makeup mistakes women

Every girl is crazed in her quest for beauty almost on a daily basis. Whether it is a regular day at office or an evening out with friends, whether it is planning for her wedding or hosting a party at home, looking absolutely impeccable is a necessity, and quite expected too! But, in the pursuit of perfection, there are some common beauty blunders that might take place. Here are the five most common ones that you can easily avoid. Read on to know how.

Dry Paint!

Nothing can be worse than applying foundation or dabbing compact powder on a dry face! You might make this mistake when in a hurry. However, no matter how little time you have, do not wear any makeup unless you have moisturised your face well. Makeup on dry skin becomes patchy very quickly, and the outcome can be quite a disaster. To get rid of dry, flaky skin, make sure you exfoliate your face and neck twice a week to get a smooth complexion.

Foundation Much!

Applying foundation lighter than the original skin tone, or wearing multiple layers of foundation (in an attempt to look fairer), can actually make you look ghostly! Firstly, choose a shade that is closest to your skin tone, blend it well on a well-moisturised face and neck, and then pat with loose powder that matches the shades of the foundation. If you miss the neck, the outcome will be a bigger blunder! 

An "Eyesore"!

It is true that the correct eye makeup can accentuate any look quickly. But going a little overboard can leave you looking like a calamity! Make sure to dab concealor lightly, and blend it well with the base colour to hide your dark circles. Avoid very bright and colourful eyeshadows as they can look neon in pictures. Frosty shades like pink and blue can make your eyes look puffy at times. Keep your eye makeup as natural as possible for the day; you can add a little shimmer or smokey effect for an evening function.

Lips Gone Wild!

Choosing lip colours that are in vogue, without checking if they really match your skin tone or not, is a very bad idea. Wearing a lip liner that is darker than your lipstick can result in the most awkward look. Also, colours that appear too matte, giving a super dry look to the lips, are also a big no. Make sure you try on many shades before the event to get a perfect one.

Glitter!

No glitter please, unless you are a 12-year-old or a supermodel walking on the ramp! Don’t confuse glitter with shimmer, because wearing makeup with a little shimmer can in fact look great if done right. But make sure you use it sparingly, and not all over the face. Shimmery eyes, shiny lip-gloss with sparkly cheeks- everything together doesn’t work, even if it is an evening do!

Don't Miss: How to Do Long Lasting Party Makeup

Keep these simple pointers in mind while dressing up for your next big event, and we are sure you won't go wrong.

Source by https://in.lifestyle.yahoo.com/5-worst-makeup-mistakes-women-070000079.html

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A Real-Life Account Of A Family That Adopted From Within (Read & Think)

Hello Friends

For nine months, the family had waited excitedly for my sister's arrival. As the ninth month drew to an end, my mum couldn't wait for the labour pains to begin. Except it wasn't she who was going into labour. It was my aunt, her brother's wife, who was delivering. My parents were adopting from within the family. And, as fate would have it, my ‘sister' turned out to be a red-faced, kicking and screaming little boy. 

Predictably, the decision had raised many eyebrows. Most people couldn't understand why my parents would want to adopt a daughter, considering they already had two. I won't go into the reasons, they're not important in this context. But my parents' mind was made up. And I was ecstatic. Because I was finally going to have a little girl to push around the way my sister had pushed me around! That didn't happen, but I was still ecstatic about the addition to our little family. 

Tense moments

But that's just one part of the story. The other, less pleasant part was the underlying tension between the two sets of parents. The first time it made its presence felt during my brother's naming ceremony. My mother suggested a name, my aunt hated it. Nonetheless, my mother went ahead and named my brother Krishna*. And then got the adoption deed drawn up. That raised many eyebrows and provided fodder for whispered gossip. But my mother was adamant: this was her baby and she was calling the shots. For a while, the decision may have made mum the b**** in her family, but it set boundaries. And they've made my brother's life a whole lot easier. 

According to Mumbai-based psychologist Kanchan Bhatia, my mother's decision was the right one. "Very often, when a couple adopts from within the family, the adoptive parents are wary of asserting their right over the child. In the long run, this does more harm than good to the child. It's important for the child to recognise one set of parents as his own. It gives him the feeling of security and belonging."

Who do I belong to?

Who he belonged to was never a question in my brother's mind. He was, without a doubt, my mother's prince. Mum was mum and 'maami' was 'maami'. None of the 'badi mummy' and 'choti mummy' business in our family. She was most certainly not going to share her child with anyone. "And why should she?" asks Kanchan. "Do biological kids go about calling five different women ‘mummy'? Then why should adoptive kids do it? Besides, it isn't fair to the biological mother. It might make her feel important and involved initially, but eventually, it's important that the umbilical cord be severed. Otherwise she's going to keep thinking of the baby as her child, which will invariably cause strain within the family." 

Hammering in the message

For the first three years of my brother's life, my mother's relationship with her brother and sister-in-law was precarious, to put it mildly. Expensive presents were returned with a polite but pointed, ‘Thanks, but we can't accept this' card and my mother didn't shy away from reprimanding Krishna for improper behaviour in front of our maami, in spite of her displeasure being written all over her face. Mum's logic: it was her job to discipline her children, regardless of what the others thought. 

As time passed by, my aunt's relationship with mum and Krishna stabilised. She will always be very fond of him, more so than all her other nieces and nephews, but she's no longer trying to be his other mother. The expensive presents, preferential treatment and the proprietary attitude have stopped. And the friendship between my mum and my aunt is off the tightrope and back on solid ground. All because mum wasn't afraid to be the b**** for her baby.

Source by:-http://www.yowoto.com/posts/a-real-life-account-of-a-family-that-adopted-from-within

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I’m The Mom Who Taught Her Son The 3 Magical Words: “I Will Tell”

Hello Friends

The constant whine in the Manral household these days is not “I am so bored” (which, I must admit, comes a close second in the whine-on-a-loop stakes, given that summer vacation is going on and the offspring can do only so much of playing-on-PS3, TV-watching and playing with his friends), but is, in fact, “XYZ’s mudder allows him...”

If it’s not XYZ’s mother, it’s ABC’s mother. In fact, going by what The Brat says, all the mothers of all his friends are wonderfully laidback mums who allow things I’m being prune-faced about, including night stays, going off to malls on their own, and such like. But, no.  I’ll stick to being prune-faced. The boy is only 10. I’m not comfortable with him staying overnight at the homes of friends I don’t know well. Or for that matter, even at homes where I know the friends well. I am not okay with him going to malls without me, his father, or his grandmothers accompanying him. Even if he insists that I follow at a 2-feet distance, in the event that his friends happen to be lurking around pillars and will report back to all, that he was, imagine the horror, accompanied by a responsible adult.

Okay, you are allowed to call me a paranoid mom, and snort behind my back about helicopter parenting and how it will rear up and bite me on my rather substantial butt in a few years’ time. But, I’ve started an initiative, with a team of wonderful women, called the Child Sexual Abuse Awareness Month, which is a social media initiative that tries to alert people about the real and present danger of child sexual abuse (CSA) lurking around the corner.

I won’t get into statistics in great detail here, but let’s just say they aren’t very promising. Official figures from a survey done by the Ministry of Women and Children in 2007, put an estimate at 53%. Translated, that is over half of our children admitting to being victims of CSA. Boys and girls. Moreover, in more than half of the cases, perpetrators are someone the child knows and someone who has regular, unimpeded access to the child. Basically, someone the child trusts. And not all children will talk about it, or come tell us, their parents, about what has happened to them.

They have their reasons for not telling—fear of the abuser, fear of social stigma, and the most common, fear of not being believed. We can only imagine what the actual figures are. All I know is that when I speak to women—across SECs, age groups and cities—not a single one not have a story from her childhood. The men, they don’t talk.  Men in our society are not equipped to discuss vulnerability. I am bringing up a manling. I hope I teach him that it is okay to admit to being vulnerable, that he can always come to me with anything that is troubling him.

God knows, I’m a paranoid enough mother to begin with. I am the mother who walked barefoot through the house to check for any residual shards after a glass broke. I’m the one who used a thermometer to test the temperature of the milk before the bottle reached the wailing baby mouth. I’ve also, sadly, morphed into the mother who exemplifies benign neglect, the one who now sits with eyes glued to books, informing the offspring in no uncertain terms that she is to be called only if blood is spilt.

I’m the mother who ensured she taught the boy the names for private parts of his body as he acquired language, who told him that these parts of his body were off-limits for everyone, which in turn led to an emergency when he was only 3 and staying for the day at my mother’s house, and had to be convinced over the telephone, while I was in the midst of an important conference with many beady eyes glaring at me as I left the table, that Nanna (as he calls my mother), was allowed to wash his bum. “Bud Yu Tole Me No One Must Touch My Bum,” he squawked into the mobile phone, still perched on the pot, defiantly resisting an exhausted grandma who was just trying to clean him up. If nothing else, I told myself, when I finally explained to him that Nanna was amongst those allowed to wash his bum, he had at least grasped what I was trying to teach him. Could I now breathe easy? No. As a parent, I don’t think I could ever breathe easy.

And no, it is never too early to start. Teach a child the names for their private parts, in a matter-of-fact way, like you would teach them the names for any other body parts. Teach them the concept of personal space and boundaries. Teach them the 3 magic words—“Stop”, “No”, “I will tell”. No, make that 5. I was always bad at math. Explain to them that their body is precious and no one has the right to touch without permission. Teach them the difference between a safe touch and an unsafe touch, and how, while an unsafe touch can feel good, it’s still unsafe. I still remember an interview I read of a convicted paedophile in the US, taken while he was serving out his term. He said, “Give me a child who knows nothing about sex and you’ve given me my next victim.”

You don’t need to teach your child about sex. All you need to do is to equip him or her with enough age-appropriate knowledge. Think of it as teaching about basic safety rules.

As I do the CSA Awareness month every year, I realise this will never end. But what is heartening is the fact that people are talking about CSA, people are accepting that we have a problem, and that we need to do what we can to keep our children safe. And no longer is CSA the stigma it used to be. We owe it to our children. We owe it to the children we were.

source by:-http://www.yowoto.com/posts/im-the-mom-who-taught-her-son-the-3-magical-words-i-will-tell 

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What do you do if you have been raped?

Hello Friends

For many women there comes that odd, jolting moment when you realize you have structured your life around avoiding being raped. 

That moment sneaks up on you. Perhaps it’s because you caught yourself thinking twice about sitting down on the footpath. You were tired while waiting for the bus but you thought twice and continued standing, holding your heavy bag. And suddenly it occurred to you that you didn’t want to sit on the footpath because you didn’t want to attract attention, and you didn’t want to attract attention because you didn’t want to be raped. And in that moment the absurdity hit you. It’s as if you had been a man and every sentient particle of your life had been arranged around avoiding being mugged or murdered.

(Getty Images): A girl begs for mercy as cops cane-charge anti-rape protestors at India Gate in Delhi.

That moment sneaks up on you. The moment passes and you go back to unconsciously arranging your life around avoiding this one crime. Every time you hear footsteps behind you, every time you open your front door, every time you walk through a basement parking lot, every time you turn into a dark street, you wonder – Is this the one? Is this how it’s going to happen? As comedian Ever Mainard says, “The problem is that every woman has that one moment when you think, here's my rape! This is it. OK, 11:47 pm, how old am I? 25? All right, here's my rape! It's like we wait for it, like, what took you so long?”

For some of us – for at least 24,923 documented Indian women in 2012 alone – there has come that other unfortunate, jolting moment when you have been raped. 
 
Three out of four times, you are likely to have been raped by someone familiar, someone familial: your uncle comes to drop off a tiffin box and stays to chase you round the house, breaking everything you try to hide behind, pulling the landline wire out of the wall. Your brother-in-law tries to rape you when you are five months pregnant. Your former husband decides that divorce isn’t quite enough. The sarpanch of your village. Your nephew. Your brother’s friend. Your brother. Your father.

Here is your rape. It has come. And here comes that epiphany. The realization that you have been warned about this moment your whole life but still don’t know what you are supposed to do afterwards. 

After December 16, after the gang rape in Delhi, parents across India have clutched harder at their restless daughters. Well-meaning men and women have recited the gruesome details of that gang rape to each other, asking, “Can you imagine anything worse?” Women talk to their friends about how much more scared they are of strangers. A warm fug of paranoia has enveloped us, binding us closer to the homes and neighbourhoods where we apparently need not fear anything.

(Getty Images): Cops lathi-charge anti-rape protestors at India Gate in New Delhi.

But here is that moment in that familiar place. You have been raped. Six months of paranoia later – are you kidding me, a lifetime of paranoia later – you still don’t know what you are supposed to do. 

If you are the kind of person who thinks buying insurance is inviting death or illness, you may not want to read any further. Crippling your life with the fear of rape – you’ve got plenty of that already. 

You may choose not to seek justice, to never report the crime, to not discuss it. But if you wish to make a recovery, if you intend to seek justice, if you want to punish the man or men who have raped you, the first 24 hours are the most crucial. Coping with that first day’s procedures will shape the way rape affects your life. 

The First Hour

The very first and most difficult thing women face after sexual violence is the decision to report the incident. Nothing you ever hear in your life encourages you to report rape. Fight corruption, yes. File RTIs, yes. Even perhaps send complaints to a consumer court if you get a faulty TV. But when you’ve suffered what you’ve been always told is the greatest violence a woman can ever face, the voice doesn’t necessarily go off in your head urging you to make the culprit pay. Instinct, culture, pain, everything tells us to crawl into a cave and lick our wounds. 

If we need to seek justice for rape, we need to be collectively rewired to report rape, and report it swiftly.

Rebecca John, a senior advocate at the Delhi High Court who has represented many rape survivors, says, “Most rape survivors feel that not reporting the incident is the better option. Knowing what she knows or has heard of the state of the law, the way the police and society treat women who report rape, makes them hesitant. As a consequence, important elements of the evidence required in the case often disappear.” 

Despite how hard they know it will be, women all over India do report rape and brace themselves for the long, gruelling haul. But only a small minority face an apocalypse the way Bilkis did. 

Bilkis Bano made history by winning the first conviction in a riot-related rape in post-independence India. In 2002, while fleeing the post-Godhra violence, Bano’s family was slaughtered by men from her village. Bano was 19 and five months pregnant. Her toddler was murdered in front of her. She was raped by three different men and left for dead. She woke up naked amidst her family’s corpses. She hid in the hills in the home of an Adivasi family and then, with gargantuan courage, the 19-year-old went to a police station. According to a 2008 Tehelka magazine report, the men of the Limkhed police station “threatened her, saying if she insisted on filing charges of rape the hospital authorities would administer her a ‘poisonous injection’ and kill her.” Bano refused to back down. She did not back down for six whole years – until the Mumbai Sessions Court convicted 13 of the 20 accused on charges of criminal conspiracy, rape and murder. (AFP Photo): A woman complainant at the Delhi Police Women's Cell.

Bangalore-based lawyer Aarti Mundkur advises that “at this stage, if you haven’t already, it is a very good idea to find a friend or someone you trust to help you.” If the rapist is someone you know and you suspect has influence in the neighbourhood or village, it’s also helpful to reach out to someone from a local NGO or women’s group for support.

Should you go to a hospital or a police station first? For the crime that is supposed to ‘scar’ a woman forever, the physical evidence of rape is terribly ephemeral. Within an hour the evidence begins to disappear. In three days, most physical traces of the crime disappear.

To best preserve evidence, rape survivors should report the case without changing clothes, bathing, changing sanitary pads, eating, brushing teeth or urinating. Sure, many hours later several sources of important evidence may still exist, such as hairs and fibres, but DNA evidence is hardly ever used in investigations outside of Delhi and Bombay. Hence the urgency.

Says John, “Ideally, the woman should get her complaint registered, get the police to seize her unwashed outer clothes, unwashed underclothes and allow a doctor to examine her for the presence of injuries and spermatozoa without much delay. Most rape survivors instinctively rush to wash themselves, urinate and change their clothes, thereby unknowingly destroying vital evidence. It is a difficult call, but if you take your time to decide to prosecute it is likely that the medical evidence will be lost.”

So do you go to a hospital or the police station first? Different survivors choose differently. In the interests of a full recovery and in the interest of investigations, it is best to go to a hospital as soon as possible. Whether or not you decide to report a rape to the police, you need medical treatment first.

Our Bodies, Our Selves 

Lawyers and activists describe incident after incident where rape survivors, even child survivors, were refused treatment by doctors. Under section 357-C of the Code of Criminal Procedure, all hospitals in India, whether public or private, are legally required to immediately provide first aid or medical treatment free of cost to rape survivors. 

Beyond the external injuries visible to your eye, you need to be examined for concussions and internal injuries. Whether the doctor offers it or not (and most often the doctor will not), you also need to be tested for pregnancy, STIs and HIV-AIDS. Even doctors who frequently treat rape survivors don’t suggest these tests so it is up to you to seek them. Aarti Mundkur says, “It should be simple enough for doctors to at least have a leaflet indicating the health risks that a survivor faces, but usually I am the one who has to tell my clients to go for these crucial tests.”

Sangeeta Rege is a senior researcher at Mumbai-based NGO Centre for Enquiry into Health and Allied Themes (CEHAT), which has pushed for years to shift the focus of rape intervention towards the physical and psychological welfare of rape survivors. They have also fought against doctors trained in archaic, misogynist forensic medicine. And they have pushed for a uniform operating protocol for forensic examinations of rape survivors. (You can download CEHAT’s manual for medical examination of survivors of sexual assault here.) Currently these examinations are arbitrary, unscientific and horrifying invasive, as this Firstpost report explains. 

A recent CEHAT report analysing its interventions in three Mumbai hospitals between 2008 and 2012 recounts the story of a 6-year-old who was sexually assaulted. At one hospital, she was examined and forensic samples were collected. She had injuries in her genitals. Her mother was informed that the child would be given no treatment. Nor was she referred elsewhere. Nor was her documentation shared. The mother took her child to a private clinic, where the doctors refused treatment because it was a case of sexual assault. She then went to a government hospital, which then referred her to another hospital, where they arrived at midnight and, finally, received treatment. Rege says, “The problem often is that doctors today treat the body of the rape survivor merely as a place for forensic evidence. They are too busy collaborating with the courts, the police and the Home Ministry to offer therapeutic care to the survivor.”

BN Jagadeesh, a Bangalore-based human rights advocate says more caustically, “Sometimes it seems to me that the police are more sensitive than doctors to the rape victim. The little I have seen of hospitals is quite bad. They do not provide the proper treatment, plus they are often hostile to victims. I was representing the victim of a gang rape recently and found that she just didn’t get any treatment. She had thorns stuck in her feet and she said so. But the doctor kept telling her that there was nothing.”  

As Mundkur points out, “One of our problems at this stage is that survivors are sent to the busy gynaecology/obstetrics departments where there is a lot going on. Rape survivors should be pushed to the front of the line to see the gynaecologist and treated like any other emergency. Instead, they have to wait several hours during which time they get tired, more and more upset, and meanwhile the physical evidence is disappearing.”

Regardless of how slow and inefficient the collection of this evidence, the law does treat the body of the rape survivor as a crime scene. Here is the best example of that. If you do not report the case to the police but do seek medical treatment for rape (and women frequently do this), the doctor is required to inform the police of the incident. The doctor’s intimation is not a First Information Report (FIR). (A complaint cannot be lodged unless the survivor does so herself.) Here the law is imposing a duty on the doctor to report the incident, sometimes against the wishes of the rape survivor. Which can lead to cruel situations where doctors refuse treatment if the survivor insists that she doesn’t want the case reported. 

Though Rege and others from CEHAT are celebrating the Criminal Law (Amendment) Bill 2013’s long-awaited expansion of the definition of rape – beyond penile vaginal penetration to include every form of non-consensual penetrative sexual acts by men on women – they have not paused for a break. Struggle abhi bhi jaari hai, as they used to say in the NBA protests.

Two Fingers & A Thousand Prejudices

On their own steam of ignorance and bolstered by an outdated medical education, doctors often sit in judgement of rape survivors. As if personal prejudices of class and gender are not bad enough, Indian doctors continue to learn forensic medicine from such popular tomes as Modi: A Textbook of Medical Jurisprudence and Toxicology which cautions doctors to beware of women and argues that it is very difficult to single-handedly rape a grown woman. Or take Krishnan’s Handbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, which states that “as far as women from the low class [sic] is concerned, it is impossible to rape her because she is stronger.”

A recurring motif in the mythology around rape investigations in India is the two-finger test. Perhaps you’ve heard of it and the thought of it. Perhaps even reading about it in the news makes you want to cross your legs. Does it really exist? Yes, it does. The two-finger test is the jewel in the crown of misogyny. 

Let us break it down for its patent stupidity. When a woman is raped and has summoned the courage to go to a hospital and then wait hours for a gynaecological examination, the doctor will frequently try to establish her veracity, her victimhood and her character by inserting two (hopefully) gloved fingers into her vagina. Do her vaginal muscles widen under pressure from these fingers? Then she is ‘habituated to sexual intercourse’.

At this moment you are probably asking: So what? You will have to follow the logic carefully. If your vaginal muscles are lax, then you are used to sex. If you are used to sex, then you a) shouldn’t be bothered by rape, b) are probably lying that you were raped, c) ought to have been raped, or d) all of the above. 
(Getty Images): Justice J S Verma who drafted India's new anti-rape law.
Women’s groups have fought tooth and nail to get rid of the humiliating and ridiculous two-finger test. Forensic doctors like Bangalore-based Dr Jagdeesh Reddy have campaigned against it. The Verma Committee report recommended that it be discontinued during medical examinations. Unfortunately, there is no uniformity in the medical protocol followed by different hospitals in India and the two-finger test continues to be used by doctors. Sangeeta Rege adds in a voice resigned to the absurdity of the situation, “We now find that the medical fraternity have adapted swiftly and are [instead] using euphemisms like: “test to establish the elasticity of the vagina and the anus.”

The laxity of vaginal muscles or the absence of a hymen can prove nothing about your sexual history. Not even the most retrograde pulp fiction, romance novels or even that most imaginative of literature, porn, cling to this notion of ‘tightness’. However, the Indian medical community continues to labour under such medieval ideas about female anatomy. 

If a doctor or nurse does deploy the two-finger test on you, do not let his or her ignorance intimidate you.

Rape survivors are also advised to return to a hospital for more extensive medical treatment as soon as they can. Some health professionals suggest that survivors should be admitted for 24-48 hours for observation. 

Just as importantly, a survivor (or those close to her) should seek a trauma counsellor right away. Though rape counselling is not exactly thick on the ground in India, there are many more such services than before. Groups such as Majlis and Rahi in Mumbai, Swanchetan in Delhi, Tulir in Chennai and the one at at Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences in Bangalore provide both immediate crisis intervention and long-term counselling.

For The Record

It is oddly comforting when lawyers across India tell you that the police display deep resistance to filing FIRs in all kinds of cases, not just rape. Mundkur feels there has been a slight but perceptible ease in filing FIRs since the uproar over the December 16 gang rape in Delhi last year, but also wonders aloud whether this is temporary. 

Once an FIR is filed Jagannath’s Rath takes over, trampling any slacker policeman with accountability, demanding a daily diary of the investigation, demanding an arrest and the production of the suspect in front of a magistrate within 24 hours. So yes, getting the police to lodge your FIR is hard, and all the apocryphal stories of it taking hours and days are true. 

If the police stall or refuse to lodge a FIR, one solution, particularly in the cities, is to call the police control room, tell them your location and ask for the mobile number of the ACP of the zone. This usually expedites FIRs, advise lawyers.

It helps to have someone around to help you collect your thoughts and rehearse your statement with before you record it at the station. And if you’ve grown up watching American TV, you might be convinced that you also need a lawyer. This is a good idea. It’s also your legal right. When you go to a police station you have the right to be legally represented. In the case of the Delhi Domestic Working Women's Forum Versus Union of India (1994), the Supreme Court ruled that a rape survivor has the right to legal representation both inside a police station and later during trial. 

Rebecca John adds, “Under the newly amended section 154 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, the police officer is obliged to record the statement of the rape survivor, if she is physically or mentally disabled, at her residence in the presence of an interpreter or special educator, as the case may be.”

A recent news report stated that all 35 police stations in Gurgaon have been assigned a female lawyer by the District Legal Services Authority – a first anywhere in the country – to ease the path of survivors of sexual assault. It will be interesting to see what this does for Gurgaon. Meanwhile, getting representation with any modicum of speed in a police station in most other places is a distant dream. 

If you can, try to get a lawyer yourself. Though the lawyer eventually fighting the case will be the prosecutor assigned by the courts, and not your own lawyer, it will help you to have a lawyer at this stage as well as one who is hawk-eyed and alert on your behalf later.

However, Mundkur adds a note of warning here: “If the choice is between waiting several hours for a lawyer to help record your statement and fast-disappearing physical evidence, I’d advise the survivor to record her statement on her own. By the time the lawyer comes by there may not be any evidence to record.” This is particularly true if you have not had a medical examination yet.

Remembering, Forgetting

(AFP Photo): A social activist protests silently to condemn a gang-rape in Kolkata.

New studies give us some convincing neurological explanations for why rape survivors seem like they didn’t resist the assault and why they are unable to give a clear, chronological account of the attack. Let’s focus on this second dilemma.

When a person remembers a violent, traumatic episode the brain’s prefrontal cortex stops working and the body is flooded with stress hormones. These stress hormones usually help to retain small pieces of sensory data. A recent piece in Slate quotes American police consultant Tom Tremblay who has used this aspect of recalling sensory details to improve the ways in which rape survivors can record their statements. Tremblay “remembers a case in which the survivor’s initial memory of her assault was cloudy, but when asked about sounds, she recalled hearing the assailant walking in her apartment. That triggered another memory of him talking on the phone to a car mechanic. She had enough details of the conversation to allow the police to find the mechanic, who confirmed that he spoke to the assailant.”

Unfortunately, few legal systems anywhere in the world are using the latest scientific knowledge to enhance their understanding of sexual assault. But knowing how our minds work after trauma proves to be useful for us – we who are constantly being warned about this ‘fate worse than death’. Remembering remains a key part of reporting rape. 

Under the newly amended Indian law information provided by a female rape survivor shall be recorded as an FIR by a woman police officer, but who knows how this will actually pan out. For lodging the FIR you will be directed to the police station’s official writer, to whom you must describe your rape in as much detail as you can. You must give the date, the time and the place. Regardless of how terrifying it is to remember, you have to try and describe everything the perpetrator did to you. You have to give a full description of the location of the rape, including the address if you can. If it happened in a moving vehicle, describe the vehicle and its route as much as you can.

Even if you are not suffering the tremors of aftershock, in practice it is very difficult to spontaneously recount the incident to a policeman, a stranger in front of a typewriter or a computer who is barking questions or telling you to speed up or shut up or slow down. Thus, lawyers advise that it is best to write out a statement before going to the police station. If you can’t write it out at least try to gather your thoughts as much as possible beforehand. John warns, “The police tend to trim the survivor’s statement and either by design or otherwise, compel the survivor to omit vital details of the incident. You must try and record every detail you remember. Sometimes a case will turn on what the police will try and dismiss as an irrelevant detail.”

Let’s return to Bilkis Bano. On one night she lost her two sisters, her two brothers, her mother, her daughter, her uncle, her aunt and her in-laws. Days later, at the police station she found the police simply would not write what she was telling them. Bano has been quoted as saying, “I was frightened but I told them to write what I was narrating.” Instead, the police wrote a pure fabrication that 500 unidentified persons had attacked Bano’s family. The FIR did not name any of the people she identified as her attackers. This is the worst-case scenario. 

Even in the best-case scenario, when the police writer takes down your statement there are chances of him adding, subtracting or changing the meaning of what you are recounting. If you cannot, for whatever reason, read what the police have written in your statement, you have the right to have it read back to you. And the right to have it translated for you if it is written in a language you don’t understand. Every lawyer will tell you to ensure the fullest, clearest statement you can muster. “Changing the statement later is very, very difficult and will damage your case,” says Mundkur. So, ignore their lamba ho raha hain and baad mein batao and carry on. 

Next, if you know the rapist you should identify him by his name and his relationship to you. If you don’t know his name but you know where he lives or whose son he is, put that information in your statement. It will be taken into account. If you can give a clear physical description of the rapist, that can work surprisingly well too in terms of strengthening your case. As John says, “In a recent Supreme Court judgement the survivor identified the rapist as a wrestler, dark-coloured, with a mole on his right cheek. The clarity of her identification ensured he was convicted through the Sessions Court, the High Court and the Supreme Court.” 

Priyanka Dubey, a journalist with Tehelka who has covered cases of rapes all over rural and small-town India, adds, “I have seen many powerful cases being lost because the victim frequently changed her statement. While it is natural to feel anxious, nervous, sad, hurt and disillusioned and so the statement may vary due to the emotional ups and downs, a rape survivor who wants justice needs to give a full, detailed statement and then stick to it. Even if you have to name your rapist a hundred times, say it a hundred times and don’t let them shake you.”

No, You Didn’t Ask For It

(AFP Photo): Protestors hold placards to show solidarity with a gang-rape victim in Kolkata.

Very often the police and defence lawyers like to ask why the woman did not shout for help – implying as they often do that it wasn’t rape, it was consensual.

New research also explains why it may seem to the police or the courts that a rape survivor just didn’t resist enough. In retrospect, sometimes it can seem like that even to the survivors themselves. Survivors often experience what is called ‘tonic immobility’ – the less discussed but common alternative to ‘fight or flight’ – also known as ‘the freeze instinct’. In conditions of extreme fear any of us may feel paralysed, limp, unable to move, cold. These memories make survivors blame themselves while other people jump in to blame them for ‘not fighting back’, but this is an innate biological response to predators.

Perhaps you didn’t shout for help. Perhaps fear silenced you. Perhaps you didn’t run away. It was still rape.

But since you cannot quote neurological findings in your local thana, you must prepare yourself for this question while lodging your FIR. John says it’s important to remember, “submission is not consent. Section 375 of the Indian Penal Code has extended the scope of the offence of rape to cases where a survivor’s consent has been obtained by putting her through fear of death or hurt, or if her consent was given by reason of unsoundness of mind, intoxication etc. When the survivor is under 18 years of age, her consent is of no consequence.”

Consent has been defined in the Penal Code as ‘an unequivocal voluntary agreement, when the woman by words, gestures or any form of verbal or non verbal communication, communicates her willingness to participate in the specific sexual act.’ This means that in your statement you must insist on including the reasons for your submission: you were at knife-point, you were the only person in a building, you were gagged, he was threatening to pour acid on you, throw you out of a moving vehicle, and so forth. 

After the FIR is recorded, the law requires the police to arrange a medical examination for the rape survivor if it hasn’t already happened. The police have to arrest the perpetrator if he has been identified. Then, the police must organise a medical examination of the suspected rapist. A medical examination could discover scratch marks or other injuries on the perpetrator and establish a struggle between him and the survivor. This can also be supremely valuable evidence in court. 

The police will also begin investigation of the crime scene at this stage. If you do have a lawyer s/he must watch these proceedings carefully and ensure the police seals any evidence they find and not render them unusable in a court of law with shoddy handling.

Don’t Get Mad. Get Even

It is the certitude that they will only be blamed and punished further that weakens women as they struggle through the police and legal systems. And then there are the less than impressive convictions: the conviction rate in India stands at about 26 per cent of rape cases that go to court [vs.40 per cent in the UK]. But even this faint confidence that they will get justice makes women run the gauntlet of reporting rape.

However, the Supreme Court has consistently ruled that “the uncorroborated evidence of the prosecutrix is sufficient for a conviction.” This takes a moment to unpack: you have excellent chances of winning a conviction for rape if you are unshaken in your testimony, unshaken by everything you’re put through in those first 24 hours, unshaken by the days that follow. 

You have excellent chances of winning a conviction if you believe that rape is not the end of your life.

All content and title from:- http://in.news.yahoo.com/what-do-you-do-if-you-have-been-raped--050017083.html

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